Futuristic medical sensors connected to a patient, transmitting data to a cloud.

Smart Health: Revolutionizing Patient Care with Wireless Sensor Networks

Kai Mendoza in Health & Wellness August 2025 • 3 min read.

"Discover how fog-supported IoT architectures are transforming remote patient monitoring, ensuring timely and reliable healthcare services."

Imagine a world where hospitals are more efficient, and healthcare providers can monitor patients remotely with ease. Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) are making this vision a reality. These networks, which use sensors to collect vital data, are becoming essential in automating remote patient monitoring systems, especially in large hospitals. By using WBASNs, paramedic staff can better manage their responsibilities and provide more effective care.

However, WBASNs generate a massive amount of data. To handle this, systems must deliver time-sensitive services with low latency (under 250 milliseconds), ensure reliability, preprocess data efficiently, and use advanced communication technologies. The Internet of Things (IoT), combined with fog computing, offers a promising solution to enhance patient monitoring systems by addressing these critical requirements.

In this context, let’s delve into the requirements of patient monitoring systems and explore a four-tier architecture of IoTs. This architecture integrates WBASNs, fog computing, and cloud services over IPv6, creating a robust framework for remote patient care.

The Four-Tier Architecture: A Deep Dive

Futuristic medical sensors connected to a patient, transmitting data to a cloud.

The proposed architecture consists of four integrated tiers designed to optimize patient monitoring and data management. Each tier plays a crucial role in ensuring seamless and reliable healthcare services.

Tier 1: Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks of Things (WBASNOTs). This tier forms the perception layer of the IoT infrastructure. Adhering to IEEE 11073 standards, the devices in this tier are designed for self-organization, self-healing, and self-management. This is achieved through synchronization mechanisms, making IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.15.6 suitable for sensor communication. These standards support the data rate, latency, and reliability needed for medical applications.

Self-Organization: Devices automatically configure themselves within the network.
Self-Healing: The network can recover from device failures without manual intervention.
Self-Management: Devices manage their resources and connections efficiently.

Tier 2: Fog Assisted Offloading. This tier also operates on the perception layer. By introducing fog computing, the system becomes simpler and more efficient. In a hospital setting, each patient might have multiple sensors (e.g., temperature, EEG, ECG, and accelerometer). The coordinators send unprocessed data to the Fog Server, which handles data processing, storage, and communication. This reduces the load on coordinators, saving energy and processing resources. The Fog Server processes data, maintains a patient database, and communicates with patient monitoring screens and staff devices via cloud services over an IPv6 network.

The Future of Healthcare is Here

WBASNs offer incredible potential for medical applications, including patient monitoring and activity recognition. By integrating these networks with efficient computing and communication frameworks like fog computing, we can create more reliable and accessible healthcare solutions. The four-tier architecture presented here reduces the load on WBASNOTs and provides time-sensitive services, paving the way for large-scale implementations using more sensors in the future. Welcome to the new era of smart health!

About this Article -

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This article is based on research published under:

DOI-LINK: 10.1109/dasc/picom/datacom/cyberscitec.2018.00092, Alternate LINK

Title: Fog-Supported Internet Of Things (Iots) Architecture For Remote Patient Monitoring Systems Using Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Journal: 2018 IEEE 16th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 16th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 4th Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress(DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech)

Publisher: IEEE

Authors: Rao Naveed Bin Rais, Muhammad Sajjad Akbar, Mohammad Aazam

Published: 2018-08-01

Everything You Need To Know

What are Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) and how do they improve patient care?

Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) gather vital data through sensors, which are used to automate remote patient monitoring, especially in large hospitals. This enables paramedic staff to manage responsibilities more effectively and provide better care. To handle the massive amount of data generated, systems must deliver time-sensitive services with low latency (under 250 milliseconds), ensure reliability, efficiently preprocess data, and use advanced communication technologies. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and fog computing offers a promising solution to enhance patient monitoring systems by addressing these critical requirements.

Can you explain the four-tier architecture for IoTs in patient monitoring and what are the first two tiers?

The four-tier architecture includes: Tier 1, Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks of Things (WBASNOTs), which forms the perception layer using IEEE 11073 standards for self-organization, self-healing, and self-management via IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.15.6; and Tier 2, Fog Assisted Offloading, which simplifies the system by using a Fog Server to handle data processing, storage, and communication. This reduces the load on coordinators, saving energy and processing resources, while maintaining a patient database and communicating with patient monitoring screens and staff devices via cloud services over an IPv6 network. The other tiers are not mentioned.

What role does fog computing play in enhancing patient monitoring systems within the IoT architecture?

Fog computing is utilized in Tier 2 of the architecture to process, store, and communicate data received from the Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks of Things (WBASNOTs). The Fog Server handles data processing, maintains a patient database, and communicates with patient monitoring screens and staff devices via cloud services over an IPv6 network. By processing data locally, fog computing reduces the load on WBASNOTs and provides time-sensitive services with low latency, which is crucial for reliable and responsive patient monitoring.

How do IEEE 11073 standards support the functionality of Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks of Things (WBASNOTs)?

IEEE 11073 standards ensure that devices in the Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks of Things (WBASNOTs) tier are designed for self-organization, self-healing, and self-management. Self-organization allows devices to automatically configure themselves within the network. Self-healing enables the network to recover from device failures without manual intervention. Self-management allows devices to efficiently manage their resources and connections. IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.15.6 standards support the necessary data rate, latency, and reliability for medical applications.

What are the future implications of integrating Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) with fog computing for remote patient monitoring?

The integration of Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) with fog computing enhances remote patient monitoring by addressing critical requirements such as low latency, reliability, and efficient data preprocessing. The four-tier architecture reduces the load on WBASNOTs and provides time-sensitive services, paving the way for large-scale implementations using more sensors in the future. This results in more reliable, accessible, and efficient healthcare solutions, improving patient outcomes and enabling proactive healthcare management.