A child with sickle cell anemia protected by light, holding a healthy kidney, symbolizing early kidney care.

Silent Threat: Understanding Proteinuria in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia

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Reese Marlowe in Health & Wellness April 2025 • 4 min read.

"Early detection and management of kidney complications in sickle cell anemia can significantly improve long-term health outcomes for children."


Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic blood disorder affecting millions worldwide, with a significant prevalence in Nigeria. While many associate SCA with pain crises and other well-known symptoms, kidney complications, particularly sickle cell nephropathy (SCN), pose a significant threat. One of the early indicators of SCN is proteinuria, a condition where protein is present in the urine. This seemingly silent symptom can lead to severe kidney damage if left unchecked.

Recognizing the importance of early detection, researchers in Ilorin, Nigeria, conducted a study to determine the prevalence of persistent proteinuria among children with SCA. The study aimed to highlight the necessity of routine screening for proteinuria in SCA management, emphasizing that early intervention can prevent progressive kidney damage.

This article delves into the findings of that study, explaining proteinuria in the context of SCA, and underscoring why parents and caregivers need to be proactive about monitoring kidney health in children with this condition.

The Ilorin Study: Unveiling Proteinuria Rates

A child with sickle cell anemia protected by light, holding a healthy kidney, symbolizing early kidney care.

Between October 2004 and July 2005, researchers at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital examined 75 children aged 1 to 17 years with confirmed SCA. The children were in a steady state, meaning they weren't experiencing acute sickle cell crises. Using dipstick urinalysis, a simple and non-invasive test, the researchers looked for persistent proteinuria, defined as the presence of protein in the urine at two separate evaluations, one month apart.

The study revealed that 8% of the children had proteinuria upon initial testing, with the rate decreasing slightly to 6.7% at the one-month follow-up. More significantly, 4% of the children had persistent proteinuria. Further evaluation of these children showed that their kidney function, as measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), was still within normal limits. This highlights a crucial point: proteinuria can be an early warning sign, appearing before significant kidney damage occurs.
While the study's findings might seem small, they carry significant implications:
  • Early Detection: Proteinuria can be detected through routine urine testing.
  • Preventive Measures: Addressing proteinuria early can prevent further kidney damage.
  • Improved Outcomes: Regular monitoring can lead to better long-term health for children with SCA.
It's important to note that while proteinuria was more common in males and older children (over 10 years), these differences weren't statistically significant. This suggests that all children with SCA should be regularly screened, regardless of age or gender.

Taking Action: What Parents and Caregivers Need to Know

If you're a parent or caregiver of a child with sickle cell anemia, understanding the risk of kidney complications is essential. Make sure your child receives regular medical check-ups, including urine testing to screen for proteinuria. Early detection and management of proteinuria can significantly improve your child's long-term health and quality of life. Discuss with your healthcare provider the best strategies for monitoring and protecting your child's kidney health. Remember, proactive care can make all the difference.

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